快播视频 Writing Style Guide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Last reviewed: February 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Welcome to 快播视频\u2019s Writing Style Guide. This guide should be your first stop for English-language journalistic and promotional writing and communications to both the 快播视频 community and the general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Using a consistent writing style is an important part of building and maintaining the University brand. It\u2019s a reflection of our culture and by using the writing style correctly it builds the reader\u2019s trust in your content because you\u2019re confirming it is a part of York\u2019s content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This guide isn\u2019t intended to be comprehensive but rather cover style that is specific to the University\u2019s context. Otherwise, we adhere to The Canadian Press (CP) Stylebook and The Canadian Press Caps and Spelling. If you can\u2019t find what you\u2019re looking for there then please refer to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These guidelines are informed by subject matter experts at the University are founded on a number of sources including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Canadian Press Stylebook<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Canadian Press Caps and Spelling<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Talking Gender: A Guide to Nonsexist Communication<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elements of Indigenous Style<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The CCAE English Language Style Guide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The \u201cSpelling\u201d section addresses frequent spelling questions and lists some of CP\u2019s exceptions to Oxford spellings. This style guide also touches items of particular stylistic concern for anyone editors a 快播视频 publications or managing a 快播视频 communications channel. Cross references are included to help you find relevant information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Revised table of contents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abbreviations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abbreviations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acronyms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Academic language:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Academic subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alumni<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Campuses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Degrees<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emeritus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty \/ Faculties<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grant Agencies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Titles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalization:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalization<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing academic subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing departments and administrative units<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing government<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing job titles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing titles of works of art<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing \u2013 other<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Numbers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metric<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Numbers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ordinal indicators \/ superscript<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Punctuation and formatting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Accents (foreign)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ampersands<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apostrophes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brackets \/ parentheses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Colons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Commas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dashes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dates and times<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ellipses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Headlines<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyphens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Italics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lists: bullets, numbers, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Possessives<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Quotations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semicolons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Underlining<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Spelling:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Common problems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dictionary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Additional resources<\/p>\n\n\n\n
COVID-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sensitive subjects and preferred language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Web addresses and hyperlinks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u202fAbbreviations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use only abbreviations and acronyms (abbreviations pronounced as words) on their own if they are very familiar to most readers. (See the Acronyms section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CBC, MPP, MP, RCMP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When in doubt, spell out. If you are using an abbreviation that is not well known, spell out the full name in the first reference with the abbreviation in parentheses. Then use the abbreviation or a short form of the full name in all subsequent references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York is the home base for the World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre (WECT). Three volumes of WECT have already been published and the fourth volume of the series is scheduled for release in the Fall of 1998. (See the ACRONYMS section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For ease of reading or variety, a general term is often preferable to an abbreviation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The encyclopedia headquarters is located at 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
No more than one or two abbreviations or acronyms should be used within the same text. Otherwise, you get a sentence that reads like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
AUCC voted that SCOTL should devote more time to publicizing SSHRC and NSERC awards to get CCAE\u2019s attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not include an abbreviation in parentheses if the abbreviation is not repeated elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When abbreviations follow indefinite articles, the way the abbreviation is pronounced determines whether \u201ca\u201d or \u201can\u201d is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a WHO spokesman<\/p>\n\n\n\n
an EKG<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abbreviations also include the shortening of items such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Incorporated<\/p>\n\n\n\n
etc. (use a comma before it in a series, but a comma is not necessary if there is no series)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
et cetera (and so on)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
e.g. (no comma after it)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
exampli gratia (for example)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
i.e. (no comma after it)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
id est (that is to say)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Omit periods in all-capital abbreviations unless the abbreviation is geographical or refers to a person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
AD, CST, IPO, UBC, UFO, VIP, URL; B.C., P.E.I., N.W.T., U.S., T.O., L.A.; J.R. Ewing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Omit periods from currency abbreviations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
US$500, C$800<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metric symbols are not abbreviations and take periods only at the end of a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acronyms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acronyms are abbreviations pronounced as words. They are useful for saving space, but the full name should be given on first reference unless the term is very well known. (See the Abbreviations section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not include an acronym in parentheses if the acronym is not repeated elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Try to use general descriptive terms to vary the wording within a text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A grant of $100,000 was awarded to the Centre for Research on Latin America & the Caribbean (CERLAC) at 快播视频. Officials said CERLAC received the award for its work on the Guatemalan education system. The centre is currently developing an exchange program for faculty in Canada and Guatemala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Academic subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Academic subjects or disciplines should be lowercased, except for languages or ethnicities, which are capitalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She is taking courses in mathematics and psychology, but her major is English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The geography class took a field trip as part of its research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He took an introductory Spanish course and a linguistics course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York is one of the few universities in Canada to offer Jewish studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you are writing about a specific department using the official name, capitalize the name of the department or research centre and use the full title for the first reference. On second and subsequent references, use the short version of the proper name also capitalized or the common noun element lowercased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Department of Sociology received nine significant grants. It was the highest number ever presented to the Sociology Department within a single semester. Additional department information can be found on their website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If, when using the common noun element, e.g. \u201cdepartment\u201d or \u201ccentre,\u201d and other departments or centres are mentioned leading to possible confusion, capitalize the initial letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Centre for Refugee Studies draws scholars from around the world. The Centre is one of 21 research centres at 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Department of Psychology is one of the largest in the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies. The department includes cognitive, behavioural and linguistic psychologists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the Capitalizing academic subjects and Capitalizing departments and administrative units sections for more information.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alumni<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use the word \u201calumni\u201d to refer to a group of people who have graduated from 快播视频. It is the most commonly used form and is the York preference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thousands of alumni from across the country arrived at the campus for homecoming weekend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAlumnus\u201d refers to an individual male graduate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAlumna\u201d refers to an individual female graduate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Alum\" refers to a graduate, regardless of gender. Use specifically requested or if the graduate's preferred pronouns are not known.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAlumnae\u201d describes a group of graduates known to be comprised entirely of females. It is not commonly used. However, it should be used when the grads are known to be all female.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Nellie Langford Rowell Library hosted alumnae from the first graduating class in women\u2019s studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAlums\u201d is used as an informal substitute for \u201calumni\u201d in spoken English but should rarely be used in written form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Campuses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The official names of the campuses of 快播视频 are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Keele Campus (not York campus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Glendon Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyderabad Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
LA&PS IBM Learning Space<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Las Nubes EcoCampus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Markham Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YSpace Markham<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TD Community Engagement Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Miles S. Nadal Management Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Osgoode Professional Development Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Degrees<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It is acceptable to spell out the degree or to abbreviate it, depending on the context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When\u202fdescribing and spelling out\u202fa degree, use\u202flowercase and apostrophes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are many\u202fbaccalaureate\u202fdegrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He earned a\u202fbachelor\u2019s degree\u202fin physics. She is working towards a\u202fmaster\u2019s degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She has a\u202fbachelor of arts degree\u202fin English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Faculty of Graduate Studies conferred 97\u202fmaster\u2019s degrees\u202fin the fall convocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When\u202fabbreviating\u202fa degree,\u202fomit periods\u202fand punctuation marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BA, MA, PhD, LLB, LLD, LLM, DJur, DLitt, BJ, BSc, MES, MSW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Within the body of a text,\u202fdetails of a degree may be written out as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dale Smith earned her BA (Honours) in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Judy Shreiber graduated with a master\u2019s degree last year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Within a graduate profile, shorten\u202fdegree information as much as possible, including the year of graduation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dale Smith (BA Hons. \u201979) now works in Guam as a consultant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
July Shreiber (MA \u201998) is now pursuing doctoral work at Harvard University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When using\u202farticles\u202fwith degrees, use the article appropriate when pronouncing the abbreviation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
an MA\u202fin political science (not a MA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
an MSc\u202fin theoretical physics (not a MSc)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a BA\u202fin philosophy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Honorary degrees should follow the same rules as above. When abbreviating an honorary degree, use Hon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous law scholar John Borrows was recognized with an honorary doctor of laws degree from 快播视频 on June 22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
John Borrows (LLD [Hon.]) spoke at the convocation ceremony last night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
John Borrows, LLD (Hon.), spoke at the convocation ceremony last night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emeritus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
emeritus (masculine)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
emerita (feminine)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
emeriti (plural)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See Capitalizing job titles\u202fsection.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty \/ Faculties<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See\u202fCapitalization sections.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grant agencies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Natural Sciences & Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For\u202fcaptions or headings,\u202fabbreviate the word professor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prof. Gord Bennett\u202fnamed to the Order of Canada<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Three 快播视频 profs appointed to the Order of Canada<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In text, spell out the title in the first reference. Use the last name without the title in subsequent references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Karen Gough\u202fwas honoured by the Canadian Psychological Association.\u202fGough\u202fhas been teaching at York for many years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the word is used\u202fdescriptively\u202f(following a name, preceding a field of study or as a common noun)\u202fdo not capitalize and do not use period for abbreviation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gord Bennett, a\u202fprofessor\u202fof chemistry, was named to the Order of Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The\u202fprofessors\u202fmet each week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karen Gough has been a\u202fprofessor\u202fof biology for eight years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the\u202fCapitalizing job titles\u202fsection.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use the term lecturer if appropriate, but\u202fdo not distinguish between assistant professors, associate professors, full professors or adjunct professors, unless it is relevant to the story. Faculty members are treated equally within a story, even if Professor Jones has full tenure, Professor Smith is an associate professor and Professor Johnson is an assistant professor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 professors\u202fJones, Smith and Johnson spoke at the symposium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not capitalize \"professors\" when introducing a list of professors, like above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Titles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(For rules on capitalization of titles, see the\u202fCapitalization section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With few exceptions, a title more than two words long should be set off from the name with commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rhonda L. Lenton, president and vice-chancellor of 快播视频<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A title set off from a name by commas is lowercased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The president and vice-chancellor, Rhonda L. Lenton, will represent 快播视频 at the talks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Courtesy titles
Avoid using courtesy titles Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Honorific titles
Honourable, right honourable, excellency, etc. are to be avoided, except in formal invitations and direct quotations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Two exceptions to the above rule are the academic honorific titles Distinguished Research Professor and University Professor, which are always capitalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professional titles
Avoid use of \"Dr.\" title entirely, both for people with doctoral degrees and for medical doctors. Use academic titles instead, and\/or explain the person's professional role without using the \"Dr.\" title.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
One exception to this is when \"Dr.\" is used within a letter from the president or a senior administrator, or within a quote. Treat a letter as a long quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalization<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 follows a modified lowercase style. The basic rule is to capitalize all proper names, trade names, government departments and agencies of government, names of centres, departments, Faculties, universities, associations, companies, clubs, religions, languages, nations, races, places and addresses. Otherwise, lowercase is favoured where a reasonable option exists. Uppercase slows down the readability and comprehensibility of a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This section has been subdivided into sections, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing academic subjects
Capitalizing departments and administrative units
Capitalizing government
Capitalizing job titles
Capitalizing titles of works of art
Capitalizing other<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Canadian Press Caps and Spelling should be used for other items.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing academic subjects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In general use, subjects should be listed in lowercase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She is majoring in geography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He enjoys his mathematics course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exception: When you are describing a subject that is also a language, culture or religion, capitalize it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She is an English major.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He is doing well in his Spanish course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York is one of the few universities in the country to offer Jewish studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When a subject is being described by its official or short-form name, course or program title, it should be capitalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She teaches in the Department of Geography at York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He is taking a course called Elements of Discrete Mathematics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Space & Communications Science is one of the specialized streams of study within Earth & Atmospheric Science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing departments and administrative units<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Words such as department, division, centre and program are only capitalized when they are part of a formal or informal name. Proper names, titles of programs, names of Faculties, colleges and departments may be capitalized in the first reference but can be shortened and lowercased for subsequent reference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First reference<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Subsequent references<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the Division of Humanities
or the Humanities Division<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the division<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the Department of Dance
or the Dance Department<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the department<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calumet College
or Calumet<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the college<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the University Board of Governors
or
快播视频 Board of Governors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the board
or
University Board of Governors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University Senate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the senate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowercase should be used when the context is general, or in the second and subsequent references to a department, college or body whose full name has already been given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The humanities courses are popular among undergraduate students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
All departments must submit their budget projections next week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Department of Dance (uppercase on first reference) is part of the School of the Arts, Media, Performance & Design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Dance Department is unique in Canada. The department offers a wide range of courses related to different periods in dance history. (Lowercase in all subsequent references, where it is clear which department is being discussed, and where no other departments are mentioned in the same context.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calumet College is located at the west end of the campus. (Uppercase on first reference.) The college\u2019s mandate is technology and the arts. (Lowercase on second and subsequent references.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 快播视频 Board of Governors held its first annual meeting. The board meeting ended at 7 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In plural use, when more than one department or division is being described, use lowercase for the common noun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The departments of History and Political Science both offer \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exceptions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the case of the word Faculty, where there are two meanings, use the uppercase Faculty when you mean the academic division. When you mean a group of professors, use the lowercase: the faculty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies is the largest at York. The Faculty offers a wide range of courses in many subject areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The York faculty union is YUFA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When referring to York, or when 快播视频 is implied, the \u201cU\u201d is always capitalized, even in subsequent references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The University is located in Toronto<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It was a pan-University event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The \u201cu\u201d is lowercased when referring to another university or universities in general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 scientists attended a symposium at the University of Hong Kong. They said the university hosting the event was well equipped. (refers to U of HK)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The university today faces the challenge of declining government funds and escalating costs. (refers to universities in general)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The \u201cu\u201d is always lowercase in the plural, when more than one university is mentioned, including 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rutgers, Yale and York universities were well represented at the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: When a phrase refers to an administrative unit it should be capitalized. When it refers to an individual\u2019s title it should be lowercased. (See Capitalizing job titles section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Vice-President University Advancement produces the annual PBA document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The vice-president university advancement chaired the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing government<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalize specific international, national and provincial government departments, ministries, agencies, boards, etc., including short forms of the proper name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ontario Ministry of Education<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B.C. Highways Ministry<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Canada Post Corp. (on first reference), Canada Post (on subsequent references)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Liquor Control Board of Ontario<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalize cabinet portfolios only as part of a title directly preceding a name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Health Minister Georgia Pape<\/p>\n\n\n\n
but<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Georgia Pape, federal minister of health<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowercase the cabinet member\u2019s title in subsequent reference and when it stands alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Finance Minister Bernard Hannon addressed the House of Commons yesterday. The finance minister spoke again about the budget he released last week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalize descriptions of the department or ministry that refer to their proper name, even when they stand alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The cuts will affect Justice and Communications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Over 25 years, she worked in Archives, Housing and Natural Resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowercase common nouns related to government ministries standing alone and in a group (plural references), and in subsequent references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the department, a ministry spokesperson, board members, the authority<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The departments of Justice and Defence<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing job titles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalize formal titles \u2013 academic titles and those that are an integral part of a person\u2019s identity \u2013 when they directly precede the name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 President and Vice-Chancellor Rhonda L. Lenton<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vice-President Academic and Provost Lisa Philipps<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies Dean Ananya Mukherjee-Reed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
President Emeritus Jeffrey Davis is a member of the 快播视频 Founders Honour Society<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the title comes after the name, it should be lowercased (with the exception of the title \u201cChair\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rhonda L. Lenton, president and vice-chancellor of 快播视频<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lisa Philipps, vice-president academic and provost<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ananya Mukherjee-Reed, dean of the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marshall McCall, Chair of the Department of Physics & Astronomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Murray G. Ross, founding president emeritus of 快播视频<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the title is written without the name, it should be lowercased (with the exception of the title \u201cChair\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The president made a speech to the senate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The dean spoke to the new students for the first time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An exception to the above rules are the honorific titles Distinguished Research Professor and University Professor, which are always capitalized, even after a name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When combining a job title with an academic subject, the subject or program should not be capitalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adrienne Jones, professor of physics, led the seminar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After the full name and title have been given once, use only the surname in subsequent references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 President Frank Johnson addressed the Canadian Club last week. In his speech, Johnson described his university sector experience, both as an administrator and as a former student.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Robert Darnell is teaching an undergraduate psychology course. Darnell is a visiting lecturer from Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chair \u2013 Always capitalize Chair when you are referring to someone\u2019s title to distinguish it from other meanings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Chair of the board of governors officially opens the meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A new Chair of the Philosophy Department was appointed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But lowercase it when you are using it as a verb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He chaired the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He will chair this important meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowercase occupational titles. Titles of officials of companies, unions, political organizations and the like are also lowercased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Widget president Barbara Sansom, CAW secretary Margaret Wilson, defenceman Patrick Keenan, general manager Art Simpson, commissioner Bert Nobby, coach Guy Lebrun, astronaut John Young<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: When a phrase refers to an administrative unit it should be capitalized. When it refers to an individual\u2019s title it should be lowercased. (See also Capitalization departments and administrative units section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Vice-President University Advancement produces the annual PBA document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The vice-president university advancement chaired the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See The Canadian Press Stylebook for more information on titles.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing titles of works of art<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In titles of plays, books, etc., capitalize the first and last words and all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives. Avoid capitalizing the prepositions, conjunctions and articles, unless they are the first or last word of the title.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Merchant of Venice<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To the Lighthouse<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalizing \u2013 other<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Honours<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When one is referring to a title or degree, always capitalize the \u201cH.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Specialized Honours program is very attractive to students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He earned a BA (Honours) in philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When referring to someone being \u201chonoured\u201d with an award, use the lowercase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Manbeck was honoured by the Canadian Psychological Association.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Names of races<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalize the proper names of nationalities, peoples, races and tribes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous Peoples, Arab, Caucasian, French Canadian, Inuit, Latin, Asian, Cree, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Joint nationalities\/identities are not hyphenated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
French Canadian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See Sensitive subjects and preferred language section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The word \u201cthe\u201d is capitalized at the start of titles of books, magazines, movies, TV programs, songs, paintings and other compositions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The is not capitalized at the start of names of such works as almanacs, the Bible, directories, encyclopedias and handbooks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When \u201cthe\u201d is capitalized in a geographical name, retain the capitalization: The Pas, The Hague, El Salvador. But the Netherlands, the Congo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For consistency, lowercase \u201cthe\u201d in all other names: companies, associations, institutions, newspapers, documents, laws, awards, ships, trains, nicknames, rock groups and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metric<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The names of metric units are usually spelled out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A 20-kilogram sack, not a 20-kg sack<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He ran 10 kilometres, not he ran 10 km<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are no abbreviations in metric, only symbols. These symbols take periods only at the end of a sentence, never take an s in the plural and are separated from a number by a space. Metre is m, kilometre is km, kilogram is kg, Celsius is C, metric tonne is t, hour is h. Only Celsius is capitalized as C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He drove\u202f10 km\u202fto the store.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The weather was a sunny\u202f23 C\u202fon Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a hyphen when indicating a metric quantity as an adjective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a 10-kilogram sack<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C (for Celsius) can be used on first reference. Other common symbols such as km\/h, mm and KB should be written out on first reference but may be used on second reference when preceded by a number at 70 km\/h, a 105-mm cannon, a 112-KB file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A number less than one has a zero before the decimal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symbols may be used in charts, graphics, tables and the like, as well as in coverage of certain sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Numbers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Write the numbers\u202fone to nine as words.\u202fThe same goes for\u202ffirst to ninth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Write the numbers\u202f10 and up as numerical figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3,500\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f26\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f 99th\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f 10th<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the number is four digits or longer, separate with commas rather than spaces or periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
100,000\u202fnot 100 000 or 100.000<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are\u202f1,200\u202fstudents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u202f$430,000\u202fgrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For\u202flarge numbers,\u202fit is better to use words or a combination of words and numbers.\u202fWrite 1.4 million\u202frather than 1,400,000. Write\u202fone million\u202frather than 1,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For the plural of numbers, including decades, do not use an apostrophe before the \u201cs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 1960s were exciting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Give me all the 10s and 20s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For numbers in official names, follow the organization\u2019s spelling style:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7Up<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not use commas with dimensions, measurements and weights consisting of two or more elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A woman is five feet 11 inches tall; a trip of six months three weeks two days; in two hours 21 minutes 45 seconds<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When to use figures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In addresses, in ages standing alone after a name, in dates and years, in decisions, rulings, scores, votes and odds, in monetary units preceded by a symbol, in temperatures, in times, for latitude and longitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When to spell out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At the start of a sentence, if you must start with a number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In headlines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use numerals for numbers under 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use numerals\u202f\u2013 8 instead of eight, 1st instead of first, etc. \u2013 for numbers under 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use M, capped, for million after numeral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$2M in funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(For percentages, see the Spelling section. For more on headlines, see Headlines section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ordinal indicators \/ superscript<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t use ordinal indicators (the suffixes \"st,\" \"nd,\" \"rd,\" \"th\") when writing dates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oct. 12 not Oct. 12th or Oct. 12th<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Spell out if below 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She placed eighth in the spelling bee<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He finished 15th in the race<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t use superscript unless as a design element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
24th not 24th<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Accents (foreign)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use the appropriate accents if a non-English word is being used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c9tienne B\u00f6k, professor in the Schulich School of Business<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fran\u00e7ois Rh\u00e9aume, professor of linguistics at Glendon<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Harpin was raised in Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Que.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
French studies Professor V\u00e9ronique Duval<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Groupe de recherches en \u00e9tudes francophones is the name of the French-language press based at Glendon College.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York professors attended a conference at the Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Radioastronomie in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ampersands<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use when part of an official name: H&R Block, AT&T and in expressions such as B&B (bed and breakfast).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use when part of the name of a Faculty, school, department, program or centre. Write out \u201cand\u201d in all other instances, including job titles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Apostrophes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use the apostrophe before an \u201cs\u201d to indicate the possessive (i.e. something that is of or belonging to something else \u2013 the graduating class of York).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York\u2019s graduating class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If something is descriptive rather than possessive, it does not take an apostrophe (the guide for students, the college for teachers, the outfielder for the Jays).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
students guide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
teachers college<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jays outfielder<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Singular and plural nouns not ending in \"s\" take an apostrophe and \"s\" to form the possessive case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
father's pipe, women's health, people's food<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plural nouns ending in \u201cs\u201d take an apostrophe alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
teachers' apples, the two peoples' history, the Joneses' daughter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students\u2019 grades will be posted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Singular nouns and names ending in \"s\" (or an s sound) normally take an 's.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chris's sandwich, Burgess's novel, the witness's testimony<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Schulich School of Business\u2019s faculty members<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But names of two or more syllables that end with a \"z\" or \"eez\" sound often take only an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lansens' foot, Socrates' plays<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Bridget Jenkins\u2019 research<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: \u201cs\u201d followed by an apostrophe reads awkwardly, so it might be better to rewrite the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grades will be posted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Research by Professor Bridget Jenkins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use an apostrophe with plurals of lowercase letters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mind your p\u2019s and q\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dot the i\u2019s and cross the t\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capital letters and numbers have no apostrophe before plural \u201cs\u201d (unless you need one to avoid ambiguity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She got straight As.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
We teach the three Rs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 1960s was a decade of rapid growth for 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u2019s in math and physics are hard to come by.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the Numbers and Dates and times sections.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not use an apostrophe with the possessive pronoun \u201cits.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The program is in its third year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use an apostrophe with the contraction meaning \u201cit is.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s a difficult course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use an apostrophe to indicate the omission of letters of figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
she'd, couldn't, rock 'n' roll, the early '30s, the class of '80<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brackets \/ parentheses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use brackets sparingly when other punctuation won\u2019t do the job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use regular brackets (parentheses) to indicate a separate thought or expression within a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She taught the statistics course (one of the toughest in the curriculum) for 15 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Regular brackets can be used to offer an explanation or definition of a term or an acronym that is to be repeated within the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) has honoured two York professors. This year\u2019s teaching award recipients were announced by OCUFA officials at the spring meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use regular brackets to enclose a York grad\u2019s degree details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
David Coombs (BA \u201972, PhD \u201978) retired in 2004 after 27 years as a stockbroker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a punctuation mark applied to the whole sentence, put the mark after the closing bracket. If a punctuation mark applies only to the words inside the parenthetical section, put the mark inside the closing bracket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In general, a parenthetical sentence takes a capital only if it is a direct quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use brace or square brackets within a direct quote to indicate words of explanation that are not actually part of the original quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThose enrolling in it [the master\u2019s program] should know that the requirement is six full credits and a thesis,\u201d said Jones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid nested parentheses ([\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f\u202f ]), square brackets inside round brackets, whenever possible. (The exception being honorary degrees.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Colons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a colon, rather than a comma, to introduce a direct quotation longer than a short sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a colon to introduce a list, an example or a question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use colons in question-and-answer formats and for interviews. Quotation marks are not used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Generally, do not capitalize the first letter of a sentence that follows a colon, unless it\u2019s a word that would always be capitalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Commas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a short\u202fseries (list),\u202fuse commas after each item\u202fbut not before the final conjunction unless that avoids confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Students will need books, pencils and rulers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With a long or complex series (list), use semicolons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
His main research areas include: 20th century literature and criticism; aesthetics of criticism in the postmodern era; deconstructionist criticism and French literature; and theatre history for set designers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the\u202fLists\u202fsection.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a\u202fquotation,\u202fcommas and periods always go inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons outside. The question mark and exclamation mark go inside the quotations when they apply to the quoted matter only; outside when they apply to the entire sentence. (See Quotations section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWe need to recruit the best students we possibly can,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Registrar\u2019s Office announced that the changes would be \u201cretroactive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With a\u202flong, descriptive title,\u202fput commas after the name and job description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
EJ Janse van Rensburg, interim dean of the Faculty of Science, spoke at the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patrice Blanchard, federal minister of immigration, visited York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With\u202fdegrees and long descriptive phrases,\u202fput a comma between the name, the degree and the phrase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
George Nelson, BA, MA, PhD, won a gold medal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alice Johnson, PhD, a pioneer in genetic engineering, is a York graduate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing a\u202fspecific date that includes the day of the week,\u202fput a comma between the weekday and the month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Friday, Aug. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If\u202fabbreviating the weekday (but avoid), remove the comma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fri. Aug. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a\u202fcomma before a list beginning in e.g. and before etc. at the end of a list. If there is no list, there is no need for a comma before etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The walls were painted in a variety of colours,\u202fe.g.\u202fblue, green, peach, ivory,\u202fetc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The abbreviated form ibid. is in more general use in bibliographies\u202fetc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a\u202fcomma before a list or clause beginning with i.e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abbreviations are helpful when taking notes in a lecture, i.e. they can save you time and space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dashes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The dash should not be confused with the hyphen. A hyphen is used to break a word over two lines, or to join two compound words.\u202f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At York, we do not use the em-dash (long dash). For typesetting purposes, we use the en-dash (middle-length dash) as an em-dash, to set off mid-sentence lists or explanations. This dash can be used instead of a pair of commas, or instead of a colon.\u202f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anything that would typically require an en-dash (joining inclusive numerals, attaching a prefix or a suffix to an unhyphenated compound or joining the names of two or more places) will get a hyphen instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ABLE York \u2013 an organization that promotes the rights of students with disabilities \u2013 is hosting the event.
or<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ABLE York, an organization that promotes the rights of students with disabilities, is hosting the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use\u202fdashes to set lists apart\u202ffrom the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The visitors will discuss common problems \u2013 trade, tourism, immigration and defence \u2013 before the conference is over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use dashes when commas (generally preferable) would create confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The pies \u2013 meat and fruit \u2013 were cheap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a dash to mark a sharp break in a word or sentence<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cI\u2019ve been laughed at, ignored \u2013 but I\u2019m boring you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Write dashes with a space before and after.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dates and times<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Write\u202fspecific dates\u202fwithin the body of a text as follows, abbreviating the month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Saturday, Sept. 19, 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing specific dates, omit the year when referring to the year we\u2019re in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wednesday, Nov. 25<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not change the order of construction, e.g. do not use \u201cSaturday, 19 Sept.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For dates that are\u202fdistant,\u202fomit the weekday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Feb. 20, 2028<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: The months of\u202fMarch, April, May, June and July\u202fare never abbreviated because the words are so short. They are instead written out in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May 9, 1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thursday, July 3, 1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t use ordinal indicators (the suffixes \"st,\" \"nd,\" \"rd,\" \"th\") when writing dates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oct. 12 not Oct. 12th or Oct. 12th<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See Ordinal indicators \/ superscript section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing\u202fapproximate dates\u202fwithin the body of a text, spell out the month in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
During December (month only)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid commas\u202fwhen you are referring to a specific month within a specific year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Starting in\u202fSeptember 1999\u202f(no comma, month spelled out in full, year listed numerically.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The target for completion of the project is\u202fAugust 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use commas when you are referring to a specific month, day and year within a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oct. 1, 2012, was a Friday. January 2015 was wet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing about\u202fdecades,\u202fuse numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 1920s, the 1980s, the \u201980s, the mid-1960s, the mid-\u201960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing about\u202fperiods of time over years, a hyphen is used to connect dates except when preceded by \u201cfrom\u201d or \u201cbetween.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 1982-83 tax year, from January to May (not from January-May), between 1970 and 1976 (not between 1970-76)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NOTE: Don\u2019t drop the first two digits if the numbers are not the same: 1998-99, but 1998-2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing about\u202fcenturies,\u202fas with numbers\u202fspell out the first nine as words, and use digits for 10 and above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the fifth century<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the 19th century<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hours are written numerically with no zeros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
9 a.m. (not 9:00 a.m.) 11 p.m.\u202fbut\u202f11:45 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
noon (not 12 noon. The 12 is redundant.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u202frange of times\u202fis written using the word\u202f\u201cto\u201d\u202fin text, but with a\u202fhyphen\u202fin tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The reception is scheduled from 8\u202fto\u202f11 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reception, 8-11 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: The above rules for dates and times apply within the body of text. In\u202fcalendars, tables, forms or graphs\u202fwhere space is extremely tight, short forms and figures can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nov. \u201998 Dec. \u201998 Jan. \u201999<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ellipses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Also known as dot, dot, dot or \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Three periods (\u2026) comprise an ellipsis, with the addition of a fourth period to end a sentence. Ellipses are used to indicate omission of text. Put spaces before and after the periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In her letter of nomination, McDougall wrote, \u201cLynda Hoffer is one of the most exceptional chemistry students I have ever had \u2026 exhibiting a keen love of learning.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In condensing text, use an ellipsis at the beginning, inside or at the end of a sentence. If it is at the end, put the punctuation before the ellipsis. Hence four periods ends a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe decision is clear\u2026. The elected representatives have reached a concensus.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWhat is the answer?\u2026 We must strive harder.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Headlines<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Headlines for websites should typically be about six words (fewer than 45 characters), intriguing readers into clicking into the story. A strong, active verb can help create a mental picture. Put it in the present tense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don't use a name-only reference with people who aren't well known.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Only the first letter in the first word of the headline is uppercase. All other words in the headline follow normal Canadian Press style for capitalization. However, the principal words of headlines are capped when they are quoted within the body of a story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The usual rules on abbreviations apply, with some additions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For Canadian provinces, it is OK to use B.C., P.E.I., N.B., N.L., N.S. and N.W.T. in all references (nouns and adjectives).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sask., Alta., Ont., Man., Nvt. and Que. can also be used, but only if space constraints require it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don't shorten Yukon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not load up a headline with numerous abbreviations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use numerals\u202f\u2013 8 instead of eight, 1st instead of first, etc. \u2013 for numbers under 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use % instead of per cent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use M, capped, for million after numeral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$2M in funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use single, not double, quotation marks in headlines. Only use quotation marks in a headline if it includes a direct quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyphens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a hyphen\u202fwhen you join two words to form an adjective. This eliminates confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
first-year course<\/p>\n\n\n\n
full-time equivalent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
third-year students<\/p>\n\n\n\n
part-time studies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the government-mandated budget cut<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t use a hyphen\u202fwhen the meaning is clear and there is no ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
one half course<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a full course<\/p>\n\n\n\n
one half of the students<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A hyphen should not be used to join a prefix to a root\/base except to avoid doubling a vowel, tripling a consonant, duplicating a prefix or when the context is confusing or causes ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
antibiotic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
antivirus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
antiwar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
antisemitic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ebook<\/p>\n\n\n\n
email<\/p>\n\n\n\n
postdoctoral<\/p>\n\n\n\n
postgraduate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
but<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anti-inflation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anti-intellectual<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anti-ageism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anti-racism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
e-learning<\/p>\n\n\n\n
e-reader<\/p>\n\n\n\n
post-secondary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a hyphen with the prefix \u201cre\u201d\u202fwhere the word would otherwise be confusing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
re-entry<\/p>\n\n\n\n
re-coiled the rope (as opposed to recoiled in horror)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
re-covered a chair (as opposed to recovered from an illness)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
re-examine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adverbs ending in \"ly\" are not followed by a hypen. The \"ly\" alerts readers that the word that follows is modified: a brightly lit room, an eagerly awaited speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Italics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Italicize the titles of books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, proceedings, collections, theses, dissertations, plays, movies, operas, oratorios, paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works of art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YFile, 快播视频's newsletter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 快播视频 Magazine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Margaret Atwood\u2019s novel Alias Grace<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jack Granatstein\u2019s book Who Killed Canadian History?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Toronto Star, the Globe and Mail, the Edmonton Journal, the Toronto Sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: When the full title is not used, \u201cthe Sun\u201d it is not italicized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Some of the publications produced at 快播视频 include: Canada Watch, produced by the Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies; Canadian Woman Studies, produced by the Centre for Feminist Research; and The 快播视频 Magazine, published by the Department of Strategic Communications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
William Shakespeare\u2019s Romeo and Juliet<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Frank Capra\u2019s movie It\u2019s a Wonderful Life, starring James Stewart<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Handel\u2019s Messiah<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rodin\u2019s sculpture The Thinker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Voice of Fire, a painting by Barnett Newman<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ralph Beninger\u2019s dissertation is titled Freud: The Dream Maker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: When it comes to poetry, only epic poems are italicized. Regular short poems are set in quotation marks in the usual roman type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Milton\u2019s Paradise Lost (an epic poem) was written well after \u201cOn His Blindness.\u201d (a short poem)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not italicize titles of articles, chapters in books, research project titles, short stories, regular poems, radio and television programs, lectures, papers read at meetings, manuscripts in collections. Instead, type them in roman type and set them inside quotation marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peter Gzowski hosted his last episode of \u201cMorningside\u201d in 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cMy Son at the Seashore, Age Two\u201d is one of the poems in the collection Forests of the Medieval World by York Professor Don Coles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CBC Television\u2019s program \u201cThis Hour Has 22 Minutes\u201d is enormously popular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not italicize songs, ships, aircraft or trains. Set in roman type and capitalize initials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The song Sudbury Saturday Night is a classic by Stompin\u2019 Tom Connors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The staff party will take place on the Empire Sandy, which is docked at the foot of Bay Street.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Italicize foreign words and phrases, including Latin phrases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Staff members gathered to say grazie and obrigado to the governments of Italy and Portugal for funding scholarships at York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He received a doctor of laws honoris causa from 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
York\u2019s motto is tentanda via. (Note: do not capitalize the first letter except at the beginning of a sentence.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lists: bullets, numbers, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are three basic types of lists:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lists that contain only a few words in each item, not containing a full verb phrase;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lists of items that combine to form one giant sentence, each item completing the partial sentence interrupted by a semicolon; and<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lists of items that are each at least one independent sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bullets are preferred except when the items in the list are to give the basic points that will be explained later in full. In this second case numbers or letters can be used, which will also be re-used consistently within the body where the explanation\/expansion of each appears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Type 1\u202f\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically complete sentence that introduces the coming list of nouns, noun phrases, etc. Items are brief, of only a few words (not a clause containing a verb). Each item begins with a lowercase and no punctuation follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 has introduced several new programs for the academic year 1999-2000:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
information technology<\/p>\n\n\n\n
business and society<\/p>\n\n\n\n
business economics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
international studies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Type 2\u202f\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically incomplete sentence, and all items end with a semicolon except the final one, which has a period to end the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students demanded that the government:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
take steps to end corruption among party officials;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
institute political reforms leading to more democracy and less authoritarianism; and<\/p>\n\n\n\n
end martial law in the capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Type 3\u202f\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically complete sentence, often containing an anticipatory word tipping off the reader that a list is to follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students made these demands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students listed several demands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students presented a long list of objectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These items are each at least one complete sentence. They can contain more than one sentence, but cannot run more than one paragraph, except possibly the final one. Each item begins with uppercase and ends with a period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The students demanded the following of the government:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A meeting will be arranged between the student executive and the administration within the next two months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty and student executives will co-ordinate bimonthly meetings to continue developing funding initiatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: If the items are each too long and\/or too complicated to match with either Type 2 or 3, the information is not suitable for bullets or numbered lists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When to use bullets, numbers and letters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Each item should be identified with a number if the list is introduced with a phrase such as: \"There are three reasons\u2026\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Items should be identified with numbers or letters if they will be expanded on and referred to in the text following. They must be consistent and clear when referencing the items given earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For all other occasions, bullets should be used to identify each item.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Possessives<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Singular and plural nouns not ending in \u201cs\u201d take an apostrophe and \u201cs\u201d to form the possessive case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Father\u2019s pipe, women\u2019s health, people\u2019s food<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plural nouns ending in \u201cs\u201d take an apostrophe alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Teachers\u2019 apples, the two peoples\u2019 history, the Joneses\u2019 daughter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Singular nouns and names ending in \u201cs\u201d (or an \u201cs\u201d sound) normally take an \u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chris\u2019s sandwich Burgess\u2019s novel, the witness\u2019s testimony<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But names of two or more syllables that end with a \u201cz\u201d or \u201ceez\u201d sound often take only an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lansens\u2019 foot, Mars\u2019 laws, Socrates\u2019 plays<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Names ending in a silent \u201cs\u201d or \u201cx\u201d take an \u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duplessis\u2019s cabinet, Francaix\u2019s symphony<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For company and institutional names, follow the organization\u2019s preference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If something is descriptive rather than possessive, it does not take an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hitchhikers guide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
students council<\/p>\n\n\n\n
teachers association<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the\u202fApostrophes\u202fsection.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Quotations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Always use double quotation marks for speech except for in headlines and quotes within a quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Double quotation marks\u202fframe direct quotes. Anything inside them is assumed to be exactly what was said or written. Anything else inserted inside for clarification or explanation should be framed in square brackets. (See the\u202fBrackets section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He said, \u201cWe are working to improve it [the curriculum] over the summer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Periods and commas always go inside closing quotation marks; colons and semicolons go outside. The question mark and exclamation mark go inside the quote marks when they apply to the quoted matter only; outside when they apply to the entire sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Single quotation marks\u202findicate a quote or saying within a direct quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cI don\u2019t want the phrase \u2018Those who can, do, and those who can\u2019t, teach,\u2019 to be seen to apply to the Faculty of Health,\u201d said the new dean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not use quotation marks to enclose slogans and headlines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not use quotation marks around single letters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use single, not double, quotation marks in headlines. Only use quotation marks in a headline if it includes a direct quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not italicize titles of articles, chapters in books, research project titles, short stories, regular poems, radio and television programs, lectures, papers read at meetings, manuscripts in collections. Instead, type them in roman type and set them inside quotation marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peter Gzowski hosted his last episode of \u201cMorningside\u201d in 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cMy Son at the Seashore, Age Two\u201d is one of the poems in the collection Forests of the Medieval World by York Professor Don Coles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CBC Television\u2019s program \u201cThis Hour Has 22 Minutes\u201d is enormously popular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semicolons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a semicolon to separate statements too closely related to stand as separate sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a semicolon to separate phrases that contain commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use a semicolon to precede explanatory phrases introduced by \u201cfor example,\u201d \u201cnamely,\u201d \u201cthat is\u201d and the like when a comma is too weak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semicolons go outside quotation marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Underlining<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(See the\u202fItalics section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Spelling<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Common problems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
centre\u202f(not center, unless part of a proper name, usually a U.S. organization) in past tense is spelled centred<\/p>\n\n\n\n
per cent\u202f(two words; not percent or % in text)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
focused, focusing\u202f(not focussed, focussing)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
program\u202f(not programme)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University\u202f(cap \u201cU\u201d when referring to 快播视频)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
its (possessive pronoun) \u2013 The department cut\u202fits\u202fbudget.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s contraction \/ abbreviation for \u201cit is\u201d) \u2013\u202fIt\u2019s\u202fgoing to be a busy semester.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
presently \u2013 means\u202fin the future,\u202fsoon\u202for after a short time,\u202fas in \u201cHe will arrive presently.\u201d It means\u202fsoon. It should not be used to mean\u202fnow.\u202f(Use\u202fcurrently if you mean now.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
entitle \u2013 means to\u202fgive\u202for to\u202frender,\u202fas in \u201cThe claim\u202fentitles\u202fCanadian Indigenous peoples to fish on the land.\u201d This word should\u202fnot be used in reference to a book, unless one is speaking of the author\u2019s\u202fact of giving\u202fthe book a name, as in \u201cHe decided to entitle his book\u202fA Life in Progress.\u201d But the book is\u202ftitled\u202for\u202fcalled\u202fA Life in Progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in regard to \u2013 not \u201cin regards to\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
irregardless \u2013 this is not a word. Please don\u2019t use it. The word is\u202fregardless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThat\u201d versus \u201cwhich\u201d: Use \"that\" before a restrictive clause and \"which\" before everything else. If removing the words that follow would change the meaning of the sentence, use \"that.\" Otherwise, \"which\" is fine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cComprise\u201d versus \u201ccompose\u201d: \u201cTo comprise\u201d means \u201cto contain.\u201d \u201cCompose\u201d means \u201cto make up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dictionary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The following includes words from the\u202fCanadian Oxford Dictionary\u202fand\u202fThe Canadian Press Caps and Spelling with troublesome spellings. Also included are some academic words often used at 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For anything that is not included below, refer to The Canadian Press Caps and Spelling first, followed by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2SLGBTQIA+ (stands for: Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans\/transgender, queer\/questioning, intersexual, asexual, and additional people who identify as part of sexual and gender diverse communities; acronym is OK on first reference)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3D (not 3-D)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aboriginal (uppercase in all uses; but Indigenous preferred in Canada)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
abscess<\/p>\n\n\n\n
accommodate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
acknowledgment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
adviser (not advisor)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
aging (not ageing)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
allotted<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alumnae (rarely used. See\u202fAlumni\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alumni (most commonly used. See\u202fAlumni\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alumna (avoid gendered form unless pronouns are known; can use \"alum\" instead)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alumnus (avoid gendered form unless pronouns are known; can use \"alum\" instead)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
analyze<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bachelor\u2019s degree<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bachelor\u2019s degrees (not \u201cbachelors\u2019 degrees\u201d and not capitalized)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
benefited<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bethune College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
biannual, biennial, bimonthly, biweekly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Black (uppercase for race)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
board or board of governors (uppercase only when using formal name of the board. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BSc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
buoy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
caffeine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calumet College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Canada Research Chair<\/p>\n\n\n\n
carburetor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cemetery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
centre (in past tense, centred)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CEO (OK on first reference for chief executive officer)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chair (a verb, as in \u201cshe will chair the meeting\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chair (a noun, when referring to a title, capitalized to avoid confusion with other form of the word. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
co-curricular<\/p>\n\n\n\n
college (in general use. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
colour, colourize, colourist, colouration<\/p>\n\n\n\n
colorific<\/p>\n\n\n\n
compatible<\/p>\n\n\n\n
confectionery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
connoisseur<\/p>\n\n\n\n
consensus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
co-ordinate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
co-operate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
deductible<\/p>\n\n\n\n
defence (not defense, but defensive)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
deterrent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
dilemma<\/p>\n\n\n\n
disappoint<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DLitt<\/p>\n\n\n\n
doctor of letters, doctor of laws, doctor of medicine (avoid use of Dr. unless chiropractor, physician, psychologist, dentist, optometrist, podiatrist)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
doctoral degree (not capitalized)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
doctorate (not capitalized)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
EcoCampus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ecstasy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
e.g. (meaning \u201cfor example.\u201d Avoid using, but if you must, use a comma before the abbreviation and not after)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
email, ebook<\/p>\n\n\n\n
e-cigarette, e-commerce, e-learning, e-reader<\/p>\n\n\n\n
embarrass, embarrassment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
emeritus (masculine. See\u202fEmeritus\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
emoji (singular), emojis (plural)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
English (uppercase. See\u202fAcademic subjects\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
enrol, enrolled, enrolling, enrolment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ensure (make sure of; not insure, except when referring to insurance)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
aesthetic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
etc. (meaning \u201cand so on.\u201d Use a comma before the abbreviation if it is part of a series)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
faculty (as in, a group of professors, the professoriate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faculty (as in, an academic division, the Faculty of Science. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
favour, favourite, favourable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fellow (not capitalized, unless part of an honorific title like Distinguished Fellow in Learning and Teaching Excellence)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
first-hand<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First Nation(s)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First World War (not World War I)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
focused, focusing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Founders College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fulfil, fulfilled, fulfilment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
full time (as an adverb, e.g. She works here full time. Modifies a verb or sentence)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
full-time (as an adjective, e.g. He is a full-time student. Modifies a noun)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fundraiser<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fundraising<\/p>\n\n\n\n
gauge<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Glendon Campus (location); but Glendon College (as a Faculty)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Governor General (no hyphen; capitalize in all references to the Canadian incumbent, otherwise only as a title preceding a name)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grey<\/p>\n\n\n\n
harass, harassment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Harry W. Arthurs Common<\/p>\n\n\n\n
health care (noun), health-care (adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hemorrhage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
high school (noun), high-school (adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
honour, honourable but honorary and honoree<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Honours BA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
honours degree<\/p>\n\n\n\n
honorary degree<\/p>\n\n\n\n
honoris causa (put in italics, indicating Latin words. See\u202fItalics\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyderabad Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hygiene<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hypocrisy, hypocrite<\/p>\n\n\n\n
idiosyncrasy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
i.e. (meaning \u201cthat is to say\u201d \u2013 prefer that is. Do not use a comma after the abbreviation)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
impostor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
impresario<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous (capitalize in all uses when in reference to Indigenous people in Canada)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous Peoples (when referring to all First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis people in Canada)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
infallible<\/p>\n\n\n\n
innocuous<\/p>\n\n\n\n
inoculate, inoculation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in regard to (not \u201cin regards to\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
install<\/p>\n\n\n\n
installation, installed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
instalment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
instil<\/p>\n\n\n\n
instilled<\/p>\n\n\n\n
interdisciplinary (no hyphen)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
internet<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inuit (plural noun and adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inuk (singular noun and adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
iridescent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
jeweller, jewelry<\/p>\n\n\n\n
judgment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Keele Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
khaki<\/p>\n\n\n\n
labour but laborious<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Las Nubes EcoCampus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lead (noun, as in \u201cpencil lead\u201d or type of metal)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lead (verb, present tense of \u201cto lead\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
led (verb, past tense of \u201cto lead\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
literature (not a synonym for English)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Libraries (as in 快播视频 Libraries, the academic library system at York; capitalize when in reference to library system)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
library (in general terms, or in subsequent reference)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Library (as in the Scott Library; capitalize on first reference with full name)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
licence (noun; as in driver\u2019s licence, fishing licence)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
license (verb; to grant a permit to, to authorize the use of; as in, he is licensed as a chiropractor)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lieutenant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lieutenant-governor (with hyphen; uppercase only when it precedes a name)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lifelong<\/p>\n\n\n\n
litre or l (no period; spell out unless in a table or if used repeatedly)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
livestream<\/p>\n\n\n\n
LLD: doctor of laws<\/p>\n\n\n\n
LLB: bachelor of laws<\/p>\n\n\n\n
LLM : master of laws<\/p>\n\n\n\n
long-standing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
loonie (dollar coin)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
MA: master of arts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Markham Centre Campus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
master\u2019s degree (not capitalized)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
master\u2019s degrees (not \u201cmasters\u2019 degrees,\u201d and not capitalized)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
McLaughlin College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
medallist<\/p>\n\n\n\n
metre or m (no period; spell out unless in a table or if used repeatedly)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mid-\u201990s<\/p>\n\n\n\n
midday<\/p>\n\n\n\n
midsummer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
midterm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
midway<\/p>\n\n\n\n
midyear<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mi'kmaq (not Micmac; plural for First Nation from Atlantic Canada; singular is Mi'kmaw)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mileage (not milage)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Miles Nadal Management Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
millennium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
MSc: master of science (see\u202fDegrees\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
multilingual (no hyphen)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
multidisciplinary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
newsfeed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
non-profit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
numbers (write one through nine as words; depict 10 and up as figures. See\u202fNumbers\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
occur, occurred, occurrence, occurring<\/p>\n\n\n\n
off-site (adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
OK (not okay), OK\u2019d, OK\u2019ing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
online<\/p>\n\n\n\n
on-site (adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Order of Canada (recipients may use initials: CC for companion of the Order of Canada; OC for officer; CM for member)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
organization, organize<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Osgoode Hall Law School (on first reference. (In subsequent references, use\u202fOsgoode\u202for\u202fthe law school. Don\u2019t use Osgoode Hall \u2013 it confuses the school with the court in downtown Toronto.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Osgoode Professional Development Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
panel, panellist, panelling<\/p>\n\n\n\n
parallel<\/p>\n\n\n\n
paralleled<\/p>\n\n\n\n
paraphernalia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parliament (capitalized when referring to the national legislature; not capitalized when referring to provincial or regional legislature)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
parliamentary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parliament Buildings (Ottawa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
part time (as an adverb, e.g. She works here part time. Modifies a verb or sentence)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
part-time (as an adjective, e.g. He is a part-time student. Modifies a noun)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a part-timer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
pavilion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
perseverance, persevere, persevering<\/p>\n\n\n\n
per cent (spell out, e.g. six per cent increase. No hyphens)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
percentage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PhD (no periods; stands for doctor of philosophy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
policymaker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
postdoctoral<\/p>\n\n\n\n
postgraduate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
post-secondary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
pow wow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
practice (noun or adjective), practise (verb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
prerequisite<\/p>\n\n\n\n
prerogative (not perog-)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pride (capitalized in all references to 2SLGBTQIA+ events and symbols)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
principal (noun or adjective, meaning first in rank or importance, as in the\u202fprincipal of Glendon Campus, the\u202fprincipal investigator\u202fin the research project or the\u202fprincipal objective\u202fof the union)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Principal (uppercase only when followed by a name, as in Glendon Principal Donald Ipperciel. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
principle (noun, meaning fundamental truth or law, as in the\u202fmoral principle or they have no principles)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
privilege<\/p>\n\n\n\n
program (not programme), programmer, programming<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Q-and-A, question-and-answer (not Q&A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
questionnaire<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rarefy, rarefied<\/p>\n\n\n\n
reconnaissance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
restaurateur (note the absence of an \u201cn\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
resuscitate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rhythm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sacrilegious<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Schulich School of Business<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Second World War (not World War II)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
self-care<\/p>\n\n\n\n
semi-annual, semi-automatic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
semicircle, semifinal (but quarter-final)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Senate (national legislature)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
senate (state legislature; in second and subsequent references to the University Senate or general use. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsections)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
shepherd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
siege<\/p>\n\n\n\n
smartphone<\/p>\n\n\n\n
smoky (not smokey)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
startup (noun and adjective)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
stationary (not moving), stationery (writing materials)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Statistics Canada (StatCan acceptable in headlines; not StatsCan)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stong College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
supersede<\/p>\n\n\n\n
surmise<\/p>\n\n\n\n
surprise<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TD Community Engagement Centre<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tipi (not teepee), the York Tipi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
textbook<\/p>\n\n\n\n
text message, messaging<\/p>\n\n\n\n
theatre (not theater, unless part of a proper name, especially in the U.S.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
theatregoer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
thesis, theses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TikTok<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ton (2,000 pounds, U.S. ton; use in colloquial references like \u201che weighed a ton\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
long ton (2,240 pounds, British ton)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tonne (1,000 kilograms or 2,204.62 pounds, a.k.a. metric ton)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
toonie, toonies ($2 coin)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
trade-off (noun and adjective), trade off (verb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
travel, traveller<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Two-Spirit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University (referring to 快播视频)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
university (referring to all others, or to universities in general. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsections)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University Board of Governors (in first reference. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University Senate (in first reference. See\u202fCapitalization section)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
U.K. (use periods)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
US (use only with dollar figures: US$550)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
U.S. (all other instances)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
valour but valorous<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vanier College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
vapour, vapourish but vaporous, vaporize<\/p>\n\n\n\n
versus (use long form in text)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
vs. (use short form only in sports schedules and law cases)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vice-President (capitalize only when it precedes a name, as in Vice-President Advancement Susana Gajic-Bruyea)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
vice-president (lowercase in all subsequent references. See\u202fCapitalization\u202fsection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
vigorous, vigour<\/p>\n\n\n\n
voice mail<\/p>\n\n\n\n
volano, volcanoes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
web page<\/p>\n\n\n\n
website<\/p>\n\n\n\n
well-being<\/p>\n\n\n\n
well-known<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wi-Fi (prefer description such as wireless network in first reference)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
wilful (not willful)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Winters College<\/p>\n\n\n\n
world-renowned<\/p>\n\n\n\n
worldwide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
worthwhile<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yom Kippur<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频 (avoid 快播视频 and YorkU; York or the University are OK on second reference only)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YSpace Markham<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YU-card<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YU Learn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YU Link<\/p>\n\n\n\n
zigzag<\/p>\n\n\n\n
zero, zeros<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Additional resources<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grammar guides:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty Tips<\/p>\n\n\n\n
University College London's The Internet Grammar of English<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grammarly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plain language reference:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Clear Language and Design<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Further guidance on sensitive subjects and equitable\/inclusive language:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
快播视频's Decolonizing, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (DEDI) Glossary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
COVID-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An epidemic occurs when a disease moves rapidly among a specific region or population, while a pandemic indicates a wider spread, typically among countries and continents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid both, unless and until they are declared by public health authorities. And don\u2019t write \u201cglobal pandemic\u201d \u2013 it\u2019s redundant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus; COVID-19 is the disease it causes. It is acceptable to use COVID (dropping the \u201c-19\u201d) when referring to the disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With variants, avoid stigmatizing regions or countries. Not: the Brazil variant; instead: the variant first detected in Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Greek names for variants are capitalized. Example: the Delta variant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other notes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active cases represent the currently sick versus total cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Isolation (those in hospital) versus quarantine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Resist referring to \u201cphysical distancing\u201d as \u201csocial distancing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use variants of concern for those that are identified as dangerous; use variants of interest for those that are being monitored for potential danger. Avoid using abbreviations VOCs and VOIs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The use of \u201canti-vaxxer\u201d is generally not recommended. It is a colloquial term for someone opposed to vaccines. Avoid unless in a quote. Preferred language is \"person opposed to vaccines or vaccinations.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sensitive subjects and preferred language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As society develops, preferred language around sensitive subjects evolves with it. Age, race, sex, disabilities, religion and more are sometimes pertinent in communications but must be handled thoughtfully. The following suggestions are currently appropriate. They may not have been acceptable in the past, nor may they remain the best usage in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Addiction and dependence<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use person-forward language to de-emphasize the condition and to reduce stigmas and negative characterizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Addiction: treatable disease, causing compulsive yet self-destructive behaviour (substance abuse disorder)
Dependence: physical or mental, often a symptom of addiction, which usually involves both<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do not use pejoratives like \"a junkie,\u201d \u201ca crackhead\" or \u201ca drunk,\u201d and don\u2019t independently characterize the condition as a problem or the behaviour as abuse. Risky, heavy, excessive and unhealthy are all permissible, and misuse can be suitable in circumstances involving prescribed medications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Example: Alcoholism\u202fis acceptable for an addiction to alcohol, but don\u2019t call someone an alcoholic. Words like\u202fuser,\u202faddict\u202fand\u202fabuser\u202fare best avoided unless a person self-identifies on the record as such.\u202f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Age and long-term care<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Often age is relevant as part of a personal description or for identification but should be used only if relevant. In general, give a person\u2019s age rather than imprecise and possibly derogatory terms such as senior citizen, retiree, elderly or middle-aged. When a precise age is unavailable:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid euphemisms such as: senior citizen, retiree, elderly, middle-aged
Instead use: older adult<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Take care to avoid stigmatizing individuals live in long-term care homes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: patients in long-term care facilities\/institutions
Instead use: residents in long-term care homes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Disability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When talking about people with\u202fdisabilities, mention the disability only if it is relevant. If uncertain what term to use, ask the individual his or her preference. Be accurate, clear and sensitive when describing a person with a disability, handicap, illness or disease. Use people-first approach: unless a person declares otherwise, don\u2019t define a person by their disability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Preferred language: A woman with autism
Avoid using: An autistic woman<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowercase deaf or capitalize Deaf depends on subject\u2019s preference (e.g. Deaf culture)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t presume suffering and avoid the use of emotional descriptives, such as \u201cafflicted,\u201d \u201cstricken\u201d and \u201cconfined.\u201d The rule of thumb is: put the person before the disability. Use \u201cpersons with disabilities\u201d, \u201cpeople with disabilities,\u201d etc., rather than \u201cthe disabled\u201d or \u201cthe handicapped.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note: \u201cdisability\u201d is the correct term when referring to the Ontario Human Rights Code. The code prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid cliches: Fell on deaf ears, turned a blind eye, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Learn the preferences of your sources and subjects and proceed accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Race and ethnicity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Identify a person by race, colour, national origin or immigration status only when it is truly pertinent to the story. Coverage that deals with matters of race must reflect and showcase the ethnic diversity of the country in a natural, organic way that is free of bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Joint nationalities\/identities are not hyphenated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
French Canadian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
African American<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BIPOC: Resist the abbreviation, but if unavoidable, explain it: Black, Indigenous and people of colour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Take care when writing about diverse communities to avoid \u201cothering\u201d \u2013 fostering the implicit sense that a person or group is extrinsically different or doesn\u2019t belong. For instance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Not: Iranian Canadian community in mourning after place crash
But: Canadians with loves ones in Iran grieve crash victims<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Respect labels preferred by specific racial or ethnic groups and only use if necessary. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Black people<\/p>\n\n\n\n
people of African descent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Africans<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First Nation(s) people<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous people<\/p>\n\n\n\n
South Asian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
East Asian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
South East Asian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Middle Eastern<\/p>\n\n\n\n
North African<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid using words like \u201cgestapo,\u201d \u201cconcentration camp\u201d and \u201cHitler\u201d casually. Try to use these words only in reference to the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capitalization of Black:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use Black as a proper name for a person\u2019s race<\/p>\n\n\n\n
However, white remains lowercase because: that group lacks a similar shared culture and experience<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The broad term brown remains lowercase and is best avoided except in a quote<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid equating bad, depressing or negative things with blackness. For example, avoid such terms as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a black mood<\/p>\n\n\n\n
blackball<\/p>\n\n\n\n
blackmail<\/p>\n\n\n\n
black magic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
black market<\/p>\n\n\n\n
black sheep<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a dark\/black day<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a black heart<\/p>\n\n\n\n
blacklisted<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the pot calling the kettle black<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indigenous Peoples<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Canada there are three distinct Indigenous groups under Sec. 35 of the Constitution: First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis. The Canadian Press outlines the preference for Indigenous people when speaking about these groups collectively. Indigenous Peoples is also accepted as an term that includes all First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis in Canada. The word Indigenous is capitalized in all references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When writing about a specific Indigenous nation, make an effort to use the specific name of the nation, e.g. Anishinaabe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid stereotypes, generalizations or assumptions about ethnic or racial groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid using phrases such as \u201con the warpath,\u201d \u201cIndian giver,\u201d etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gender<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid male or female pronouns when referring to groups composed of both men and women or of unspecified gender. Also try to avoid the use of word combinations such as him and her, his\/her, and s\/he. Use of the plural form of the noun with the relevant pronoun is often the simplest way to avoid sexist language. There are many alternatives to gender-biased language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
See also\u202fTalking Gender\u202fby Ruth King et al., and\u202fHandbook of Nonsexist Writing\u202fby Casey Miller and Kate Swift.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chris Ratchford is the Chair (not Chairman) of the board of governors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Professor Sam Latimer worked in the fishing industry (not was a fisherman) before deciding on an academic career.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When referring to two groups of opposite sexes, use\u202fparallel language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
men and women\/husband and wife (not man and wife)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
men\u2019s and women\u2019s varsity basketball teams (not men\u2019s and girls\u2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Unless the role of wife, mother, sister or daughter is important to the context, avoid identifying women in these terms. Marital status should also not be noted, unless pertinent. Gender neutral terms for marital status include partner, spouse, significant other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gender identity \/ expression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2SLGBTQIA+ stands for: Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans\/transgender, queer\/questioning, intersexual, asexual, and additional people who identify as part of sexual and gender diverse communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
transgender or trans (not \u201ctransgendered\u201d): an individual whose own personal sense of their gender does not match the sex they were assigned at birth. Avoid using \u201ctrans\u201d except in a direct quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
transsexual: clinically defined as someone who identifies as a member of the sex opposite to that assigned at birth and seeks to transition to the gender with which they identify, often with medical assistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
non-binary\/gender non-conforming\/genderqueer: Use such lesser-known terms advisedly and always with a definition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Two-Spirit (not \u201ctwo-spirited\u201d): often used to represent various gender identities and sexual orientations within the Indigenous community. It is a broad term with numerous definitions. Seek clarity from the subject before using this term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cisgender: an individual whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Whenever possible, confirm with the person being written about how they wish to be described, including their pronouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Physical descriptions\u202fshould not be included unless they are relevant to the story. Neither men nor women should be stereotyped. For instance, avoid describing women only in terms of physical attributes if men are described by mental attributes or career status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t write:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
James Carrera is a respected geologist, and his wife Anna is a striking blonde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rather, write:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both the Carreras are highly respected in their fields. Anna is a well-known musician and James is a respected geologist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid stereotyping careers or jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t write:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Housewives are paying more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Write:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shoppers are paying more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depict men and women equally in terms of physical prowess or mental ability. Don\u2019t automatically ascribe particular emotions or feelings to women and actions to men, or vice versa; men can be sensitive and women physically active. Depict men and women equally in the workplace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sexual orientation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A person\u2019s sexual orientation should never be mentioned unless relevant to the story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are common acronyms that refer to sexually diverse communities, including 2SLGBTQIA+. Ensure you are accurately representing the community you are writing about and including explanations when using acronyms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Don\u2019t use \u201cgay\u201d as a noun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use \u201csexual orientation,\u201d not \u201csexual preference.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Commonly used words to avoid and suggested alternatives<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: blackball
Alternatives: ostracize, disapprove, reject<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: blacklist
Alternatives: condemn, ostracize, boycott<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: blackmail
Alternatives: extort, threaten, demand<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: black sheep
Alternatives: reprobate, backslider<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: black market
Alternatives: underground economy, deals on the side<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: businessman
Alternatives: business person<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: chairman
Alternatives: Chair, co-ordinator, convenor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: cleaning woman
Alternatives: cleaner<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: clergyman
Alternatives: clergy, deacon, minister, pastor, priest, rabbi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: coloured people
Alternatives: Black peoples, people of African descent, African people, South Asian peoples<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: common man
Alternatives: average person, members of the public<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: craftsman
Alternatives: artisan, craftsperson<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: crippled
Alternatives: person(s) or people with a disability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: the disabled
Alternatives: persons or people with disabilities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: East Indian
Alternatives: South Asian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: fair sex
Alternatives: women<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: fireman
Alternatives: firefighter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: forefathers
Alternatives: ancestors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: gentleman\/gentlemen
Alternatives: man\/men<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: girl\/girls (referring to adult females)
Alternatives: woman\/women<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: the handicapped
Alternatives: persons or people with disabilities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: housewife
Alternatives: homemaker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: lady\/ladies (referring to adult females)
Alternatives: woman\/women<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: layman
Alternatives: layperson, average person<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: low man\/woman on the totem pole
Alternatives: lowest rung of the ladder<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: man in the street
Alternatives: person in the street, public, member of the public<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: man the phones
Alternatives: staff the phones, handle the phones<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: man hours
Alternatives: working hours<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: manpower
Alternatives: personnel, staff, staffing requirements, workers, workforce<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: mankind
Alternatives: civilization, humanity, people<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: man-made
Alternatives: synthetic, artificial<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: master\/mistress of ceremonies
Alternatives: host, MC<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: middleman
Alternatives: wholesaler, go-between<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: newsman
Alternatives: journalist, reporter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: non-whites
Alternatives: people of colour<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: orientals
Alternatives: Asian peoples, East Asian peoples, Southeast Asian peoples<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: physically challenged
Alternatives: person with a physical disability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: policeman
Alternatives: officer, police officer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: postman
Alternatives: postal worker, mail carrier<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: primitive societies
Alternatives: non-industrial societies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: right-hand man
Alternatives: assistant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: salesman
Alternatives: clerk, sales representative<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: spokesman, spokesperson
Alternatives: representative, speaker, official<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: stakeholder
Alternatives: collaborator, partner, associate, shareholder (if appropriate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: stewardess
Alternatives: flight attendant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: tribes
Alternatives: ethnic groups<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: West Indian
Alternatives: Caribbean<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: wives and children
Alternatives: families\/family<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoid: workman
Alternatives: worker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(For more information, see 快播视频's Decolonizing, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Glossary.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2015, all countries in the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It sets out 17 goals, which include 169 targets. 快播视频 is\u202finternationally recognized\u202ffor its contributions to addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) through teaching, research, stewardship and partnerships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When referencing these goals in writing, it is important to spell out United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in full on first reference, followed by \"UN SDGs\" in parentheses. The abbreviation UN SDG or UN SDGs can then be used on all following references.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use the below style when referencing individual SDGs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 1: No Poverty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 2: Zero Hunger<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 4: Quality Education<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 5: Gender Equality<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 13: Climate Action<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 14: Life Below Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 15: Life on Land<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UN SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Web addresses and hyperlinks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use judgment when linking full URLs. Consider users who must speak it out loud and who must listen to a screen reader announce it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If providing a web address (URL), omit the \u201chttp:\/\/\u201d and \u201cwww.\u201d Follow uppercase and lowercase exactly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a company uses a variation of its internet address as its corporate name, capitalize the first letter, e.g. Amazon.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For accessibility purposes, link text should make sense without the surrounding sentences or content. The text and context of links must clearly identify their purpose or where they will lead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Make the link text meaningful. Don't use \"click here\" or \"read more.\" These kinds of links can be confusing when a screen reader reads them out of context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Be as explicit as you can. Too long is better than too short. It is OK to link a full sentence, but avoid longer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Use unique link text where possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Occasionally, it may not be possible to make link text alone convey the link\u2019s purpose out of context. In those cases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The link together with the surrounding sentence, paragraph or list item should be enough to convey a link\u2019s meaning or purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
You may give more context through the link\u2019s title attribute.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
快播视频 Writing Style Guide Last reviewed: February 2024 Welcome to 快播视频\u2019s Writing Style Guide. This guide should be your first stop for English-language journalistic and promotional writing and communications to both the 快播视频 community and the general public. Using a consistent writing style is an important part of building and maintaining the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2386,"featured_media":319845,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yfileauthor":[204],"qualifier":[],"yfile-author":[],"tags-to-show":[],"workflow":[],"class_list":["post-398260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","yfileauthor-yfilestaff"],"acf":{"internal_publish_date":null,"original_image":null},"yoast_head":"\n