{"id":26961,"date":"2023-05-23T11:40:12","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T15:40:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/science\/?p=26961"},"modified":"2023-05-26T10:07:21","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T14:07:21","slug":"urbanization-leads-to-more-pathogens-and-inbreeding-of-wild-bees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/science\/2023\/05\/23\/urbanization-leads-to-more-pathogens-and-inbreeding-of-wild-bees\/","title":{"rendered":"Urbanization leads to more pathogens and inbreeding of wild bees"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Media release from May 16, 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wild bees living in cities like Toronto are facing increased environmental stressors compared to those in rural and even suburban areas, such as more pathogens and parasites, found researchers at 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Wild
Wild and native carpenter bee, Ceretina calcarat, on a woody stem. Photo by Sandra Rehan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

They also found changes in the microbiomes of wild bees living in densely urban areas and fragmented habitats, which makes it more difficult for the bees to access food sources, ideal nesting areas and mates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These environmental stressors will likely increase in the future as cities expand and landscapes are reshaped, posing one of the largest threats to the natural ecosystems of wild bees and their biodiversity. Two-thirds of the world\u2019s population are expected to live in cities by 2050.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHaving less connected habitats in dense urban areas not only leads to more inbreeding, so less genetic diversity, but it also creates higher pathogen diversity leaving city bees exposed to more pathogens,\u201d says Corresponding author and Associate Professor Sandra Rehan<\/a> of the Faculty of Science, 快播视频.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Sandra
Sandra Rehan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The researchers used whole genome sequencing of 180 common carpenter bees \u2013 Ceratina calcarata<\/em> \u2013 to look at their population genetics, metagenome and microbiome, as well the impact of environmental stressors across the Greater Toronto Area. These small carpenter bees are wild and native bees, not managed and non-native bees, such as a honeybees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They also found significant environmental variation in bee microbiomes and nutritional resources even in the absence of genetic differentiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cParasite and pathogen infections in bees are a major driver in global bee population declines and this is further exacerbated by urbanization and a loss of habitat and degraded habitat. There are things, though, that cities could do to help wild bees,\u201d says lead author York PhD student Katherine D. Chau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Carpenter
Carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata, on a flower. Photo by Sandra Rehan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe found the best way to connect bee habitats and create conditions for more genetic diversity is through green spaces, shrubs and scrub. Conservation efforts focussed on retaining and creating these habitat connectors could go a long way toward helping wild bee health.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although bees are the most prominent pollinators, cities could impact all insect pollinators, which pollinate more than 87 per cent of flowering plants and 75 per cent of food crops globally. Cities, unlike rural areas, also create an urban heat island effect \u2013 higher temperatures in the city than those in the surrounding areas \u2013 and this affects flowering times and growing season length. This could lead to flowers, for example, blooming before or after bees are out and foraging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The higher number of pathogen and parasite infections in urban areas can also be attributed to disease spill over. Because the bees are concentrated in certain areas, infected bees are more likely to contaminate the flowers they visit, which then spreads the infection to the next bee that visits that flower, even across bee species, say the researchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOur research is the first known whole genome sequencing, population genomic and metagenomic study of a wild, solitary bee in an urban context, which looks at the complex relationship between bees, metagenomic interactions and dense urban landscapes,\u201d says Rehan. \u201cThis approach provides a tool to assess not only the overall health of wild bees in urban settings but could also be applied across a broad range of wildlife and landscapes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now that several known bee and plant pathogens have been identified in dense urban areas, the researchers say it paves the way for early detection and monitoring of threats to wildlife in cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFuture studies should explore the link between reduced genetic diversity and the fitness of wild bees in cities,\u201d says Chau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The paper, Integrative population genetics and metagenomics reveals urbanization increases pathogen loads and decreases connectivity in a wild bee<\/a>, was published in the journal Globa<\/em>l Change Biology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Media release from May 16, 2023 Wild bees living in cities like Toronto are facing increased environmental stressors compared to those in rural and even suburban areas, such as more pathogens and parasites, found researchers at 快播视频. They also found changes in the microbiomes of wild bees living in densely urban areas and fragmented […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1202,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,22,324],"tags":[290,48,294,37,25,26,137,38,87],"class_list":["post-26961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","category-research","category-unsdg","tag-bees","tag-biology","tag-environment","tag-everyone","tag-faculty-of-science","tag-keele-campus","tag-news","tag-research","tag-stay-informed"],"yoast_head":"\nUrbanization leads to more pathogens and inbreeding of wild bees - Faculty of Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wild bees living in cities are facing increased 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