  {"id":153,"date":"2020-07-08T15:34:56","date_gmt":"2020-07-08T19:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/?page_id=153"},"modified":"2026-03-12T15:20:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T19:20:38","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group grey-bg-block has-very-light-gray-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-dc937ffc16e19a2000850303715bbcc7\"><strong><i class=\"fas fa-search\"><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:25px\"><strong>Making a Difference<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:20px\">At the Faculty of Education, our research matters. Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is relevant, applicable, important and comprehensible, and transcending. It informs the kind of programs we offer, as well as their curriculum and structure, while maintaining a focus on making a difference in the lives and to the wellbeing of children, their families and society as a whole.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube border-md border-primary wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Leaders Supporting Future Leaders in Education: Research &amp; Scholarship\" width=\"1778\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yLq33Lw8xJc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Stories &amp; Successes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">Our faculty have produced a range of research outputs from an impressive diversity of funded and unfunded scholarly initiatives and research projects. These outputs include traditional academic publications such as journal articles and books, conference proceedings and invited talks, policy briefs as well as a variety of non-traditional dissemination activities, media, and events that reflect the Faculty\u2019s commitment to community outreach and engagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.yorku.ca\/edu-profiles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explore our faculty research profiles<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Research-stories_shutterstock_124494247-1024x960.jpg\" alt=\"Research Icon\" class=\"wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Research-stories_shutterstock_124494247-1024x960.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Research-stories_shutterstock_124494247-300x281.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Research-stories_shutterstock_124494247-1536x1440.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Research-stories_shutterstock_124494247-2048x1920.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group brand-block left red\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"458\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/09\/winters-college-edu-newsletter-1024x458.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/09\/winters-college-edu-newsletter-1024x458.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/09\/winters-college-edu-newsletter-300x134.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/09\/winters-college-edu-newsletter-1536x687.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2021\/09\/winters-college-edu-newsletter.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"text-uppercase mb-0\">Faculty of Education<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading mb-0\">Public Lecture Series<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Join us as we introduce leading scholars from the Faculty to share their research and scholarship on key publicly relevant issues in education and society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Faculty of Education Public Lecture Series is open to everyone!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-uppercase\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/public-lecture-series\/\">LEARN MORE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading border-top py-2\" id=\"conversations\">Conversations with Visiting Scholars<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group grey-bg-block has-very-light-gray-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.3%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Anti-Racist Scholar-Activism: Challenges, Contradictions and Possibilities\" width=\"1778\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OA9RvR5hPV4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.6%\">\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>November 6, 2026 - Anti-Racist Scholar-Activism: Challenges, Contradictions and Possibilities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">Against a backdrop of multiple social, political and economic crises, this talk is concerned with the responsibilities of academics. It explores key themes from a research project exploring \u2018antiracist scholar-activism\u2019 in British universities in order to offer some broad guiding principles that might help define antiracist scholar-activist praxis. In doing so, it considers the challenges and contradictions that arise from working in neoliberal-imperial-institutionally-racist universities, whilst also tentatively suggesting that there remain pockets of possibility to subvert the institution and work in service to communities of resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><i class=\"fas fa-play\"><\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OA9RvR5hPV4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PLAY VIDEO<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading border-top py-2\" id=\"chairs\">Faculty Research Chairs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns card-deck aspect-ratio is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"295\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2023\/07\/sue-winton-homepage-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-36054\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">York Research Chair in Policy Analysis for Democracy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"card-text\"><strong>Sue Winton\u2019s<\/strong>&nbsp;York Research Chair research program will collaborate with multiple public sector organizations to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education privatization in Canada. Winton\u2019s research will compare policy development, enactment, and effects during and after the pandemic across multiple scales. The research results will create knowledge about local, regional, national and international influences on education privatization and how this process impacts socially disadvantaged groups, teachers\u2019 work and democracy. At York, Winton will establish and lead a cross-disciplinary Community of Practice for new and established researchers with an interest in critical policy research.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/kate.jpg\" alt=\"Kate Tilleczek\" class=\"wp-image-23027\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/kate.jpg 538w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/kate-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">Canada Research Chair in Young Lives, Education and Global Good<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kate Tilleczek<\/strong> is the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Young Lives, Education and Global Good and a full professor in the Faculty of Education at 快播视频. She is founder and scientific director of Young Lives Research Laboratory (Canada), which is international in scope and investigates how complex modern societies are shifting to support and\/or negate the lives and well-being of young people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.younglivesresearch.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">YoungLivesResearch.org<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns card-deck aspect-ratio is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/Carl-James-7-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Carl E. James \" class=\"wp-image-22973\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">Jean Augustine Chair in Education, Community and Diaspora<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"card-text\"><strong>Carl E. James<\/strong> is the current Jean Augustine Chair in Education, Community and Diaspora in the Faculty of Education at 快播视频. The Chair aims to advance access, equity and inclusivity to education through community engagement and collaborative action. First launched in 2008, the chair holder initiates, facilitates, directs and engages in research, educational programs, and community partnerships which are culturally responsive and relevant to the educational and social needs, interests and aspirations of Black and other racialized community members \u2013 both those inside and outside of the university for whom marginalization and racialization act as barriers to the achievement of their educational and career ambitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/jean-augustine-chair\/\">Jean Augustine Chair in <br>Education, Community &amp; Diaspora<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/gillian.jpg\" alt=\"Gillian Parekh\" class=\"wp-image-23029\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/gillian.jpg 538w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/gillian-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">Canada Research Chair in Disability Studies in Education<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"card-text\"><strong>Gillian Parekh<\/strong> is the Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Disability Studies in Education at 快播视频 and an assistant professor in the Faculty of Education. She explores institutional and structural barriers related to equitable access to education, particularly for students with disabilities. She conducts both quantitative and qualitative research investigating demographic, programmatic and experiential trends between public and post-secondary education. With a focus on special education and academic streaming, her work explores how schools construct and respond to disability. Her research addresses current issues in education and will make a difference in the lives of young people in the GTA and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-4 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/criticaltransitions.info.yorku.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Critical Transitions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns card-deck aspect-ratio is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/charles.jpg\" alt=\"Charles A. Hopkins\" class=\"wp-image-23033\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/charles.jpg 538w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/charles-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">UNESCO Chair in Reorienting Education Towards Sustainability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Charles A. Hopkins<\/strong> holds the UNESCO Chair at 快播视频 in Toronto, Canada. He has been an advisor to several ministries of education in Asia and Europe as well as universities and colleges in the Americas. The UNESCO Chair in Reorienting Education towards Sustainability at 快播视频 in Toronto Canada, works both singularly and in association with various other entities to address education in the context of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Collaboration with its associated International Network of Teacher Education Institutions (INTEI) and the #IndigenousESD network dedicated primarily to achieving the targets of the Global Education 2030 Agenda (SDG 4) within the 2030 Agenda are two examples of international partner initiatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-5 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/unescochair\/\">UNESCO Chair at 快播视频<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column card rounded-0 bg-white is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/laura.jpg\" alt=\"Laura Wiseman \" class=\"wp-image-23036\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/laura.jpg 538w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/laura-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group card-body\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading card-title h5\">Koschitzky Chair in Jewish Teacher Education<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"card-text\"><strong>Laura Wiseman<\/strong> holds the Koschitzky Chair in Jewish Teacher Education at the Isreal and Golda Koschitzky Centre for Jewish Studies at 快播视频 and is a professor in the Faculty of Education.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading border-top mb-4 pt-2\">Research at a Glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns infographics-block card-deck is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-primary-2 text-white p-4 mb-2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading h1\">32.2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mb-0\">$32.2 million in Research Funding<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-primary-2 text-white p-4 mb-2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading h1\">2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mb-0\">Two Canada Research Chairs (CRCs) - Kate Tilleczek &amp; Gillian Parekh<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-primary-2 text-white p-4 mb-2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading h1\">1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mb-0\">One York Research Chair (YRCs) - Sue Winton<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bg-primary-2 text-white p-4 mb-2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading h1\">17.9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mb-0\">$17.9 million committed to The&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/makingtheshiftinc.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Making the Shift \u2013 Youth Homelessness Social Innovation Lab<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/unsdgs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2023\/04\/research-sdgs.jpg\" alt=\"SDG 4 SDG 10 SDG 11\" class=\"wp-image-35251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2023\/04\/research-sdgs.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2023\/04\/research-sdgs-300x97.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns social-bar-block is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"h6 text-white text-center wp-block-heading\">Connect with 快播视频<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links aligncenter my-2 is-style-default is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/yorkueducation\/\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Instagram<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/yorkueducation\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/YorkUeducation\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube  wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/YorkUEducation\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">YouTube<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Making a Difference At the Faculty of Education, our research matters. Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is relevant, applicable, important and comprehensible, and transcending. It informs the kind of programs we offer, as well as their curriculum and structure, while maintaining a focus on making a difference [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":23811,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"secondary-page.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[907,906],"class_list":["post-153","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-sdg-4","tag-sdg-4-ensure-inclusive-and-equitable-quality-education-and-promote-lifelong-learning-opportunities-for-all"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research | Faculty of Education<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research | Faculty of Education\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Faculty of Education\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/YorkUeducation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-12T19:20:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"668\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@YorkUeducation\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/\",\"name\":\"Research | Faculty of Education\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-08T19:34:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-12T19:20:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":668,\"caption\":\"Research Banner\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/\",\"name\":\"Faculty of Education\",\"description\":\"Reinventing education for a diverse, complex world.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#organization\",\"name\":\"快播视频 Faculty of Education\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/07\/education.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/07\/education.png\",\"width\":241,\"height\":56,\"caption\":\"快播视频 Faculty of Education\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/YorkUeducation\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/YorkUeducation\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/yorkueducation\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/YorkUEducation\",\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/York_University\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Research | Faculty of Education","description":"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Research | Faculty of Education","og_description":"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/","og_site_name":"Faculty of Education","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/YorkUeducation","article_modified_time":"2026-03-12T19:20:38+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":668,"url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@YorkUeducation","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/","name":"Research | Faculty of Education","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg","datePublished":"2020-07-08T19:34:56+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-12T19:20:38+00:00","description":"Through an array of ongoing and constantly evolving projects, our research into education is transcending boundaries and making a diference in society.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title.jpg","width":1920,"height":668,"caption":"Research Banner"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/research\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/","name":"Faculty of Education","description":"Reinventing education for a diverse, complex world.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#organization","name":"快播视频 Faculty of Education","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/07\/education.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/07\/education.png","width":241,"height":56,"caption":"快播视频 Faculty of Education"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/YorkUeducation","https:\/\/x.com\/YorkUeducation","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/yorkueducation","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/YorkUEducation","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/York_University"]}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"post_tag":[{"value":907,"label":"SDG 4"},{"value":906,"label":"SDG 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2020\/08\/research-title-1024x356.jpg",1024,356,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"ariley","author_link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/author\/ariley\/"},"comment_info":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=153"}],"version-history":[{"count":107,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46646,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/153\/revisions\/46646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}